Examples: A comfortable life, world peace, equality, family security, freedom, happiness, and wisdom.
Values Evolution in Transitional China: An Institutional Perspective
The core of Rokeach’s theory is the distinction between two types of values, which are measured using the widely adopted Rokeach Value Survey (RVS) :
Rokeach’s 1973 work moved psychology beyond the laboratory and into applied settings. By measuring the relative ranking of these 36 values (18 terminal and 18 instrumental), researchers have been able to:
These are "preferable modes of conduct"—the behavioral means used to reach terminal goals.
In this foundational text, Rokeach defines a value as an "enduring belief that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode". He posits that human values are organized into a hierarchical value system , where each value is ranked by its relative importance. The Two-Fold Classification: Terminal vs. Instrumental
Examples: Ambition, broad-mindedness, capability, honesty, imagination, independence, and self-control. Impact on Research and Society
Milton Rokeach's seminal work, , published by the Free Press , revolutionized social psychology by repositioning "values" as the most central and indispensable construct for understanding human behavior. Rokeach argued that while attitudes are specific to objects or situations, values are enduring, transcendental beliefs that serve as the internal "source code" for our actions, political affiliations, and religious beliefs. The Rokeach Definition of Values
These represent desirable "end-states of existence"—the ultimate life goals an individual strives to achieve.
